Categoria: arqueologia antropologia biologia botanica geologia

  • Meet the Nazca Runways: Flat Mountaintops that defy explanation | Ancient Code

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    Fonte: Meet the Nazca Runways: Flat Mountaintops that defy explanation | Ancient Code

     

    The giant flat Mountaintops at Nazca have remained a profound mystery for decades. Even today, archaeologists are unable to explain how and why ‘ancient man’ created massive, flat ‘runway-like’ marks thousands of years ago.

    Giant Ancient Alien Runways at Nazca
    One of the World’s Greatest Mysteries. What happened to the mountain tops in Nazca, Peru?

    We have all been fascinated by the Nazca and Palpa lines for decades. These incredible pieces of ancient ‘art’ are located in the arid Peruvian coastal plain approximately 400 kilometers south of modern-day Lima. The staggering geoglyphs cover around 450 kilometers and were created on the arid floor sometime between 500 BC and 500 AD.

    The Nazca and Palpa lines are considered one of archaeology’s greatest mystery, mostly because of their size, quantity, and nature. Some of the lines depict living creatures, stylized plants, and imaginary beings, as well as geometric figures several kilometers long.

    According to studies, the largest of the Nazca figures is approximately 1000 feet, and the longest geoglyph goes on for around 9 miles.

    However, the most mysterious discoveries at Nazca are the enigmatic mountain tops that eerily resemble modern-day runways. The mountaintops of some of the surrounding mountains at Nazca look as if something literally pressed down —with incredible force— the top of the mountain. Many researchers have said that the mysterious mountaintops look as if something managed to ‘perfectly’ cut through the mountaintop, creating incredible flat surfaces.

    So how is it possible that these giant ‘runway-like’ mountains even exist? And if the Nazca are known for having created the incredible desert-art, intricate figures of animals, plants and geometric shapes, why would they even bother and create these huge flat surfaces?

    Nazca Airport

    There are numerous questions that remain unanswered at Nazca. Were these giant figures meant to be seen from above? Do they mimic constellations in the sky? What were the ancient’s trying to say to future generations? Were the Nazca lines mere ancient art? If so… why would ancient mankind create art that cannot be fully appreciated from the ground?

    Is it possible that –as Ancient Astronaut theorists suggest– the ancient ‘runways’ seen at Nazca are in fact navigational markers used by advanced extraterrestrials that visited the area thousands of years ago? And is it possible that some of the giant, flat triangles were created by massive spacecraft that touched down in the distant past? What if the ‘gods’ used these paths in the distant past to visit the people in Peru? And what if, ancient people created figurines such as the Nazca Astronaut in honor of those “gods” who came from above?

    Nazca Airport 2

    Interestingly, according to some local legends, the mysterious Incan creator god Viracocha commissioned the Nazca Lines and glyphs in the past. These lines are said to be created by the Viracocha himself. He was the great teacher God of the Andes.

  • A 300 million year old Screw? Researchers baffled

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    ByZuRUnCcAAENzH.jpg-large

    The screw that according to researchers is 300 million years old was discovered in Russia by… Ancient Technology… Extraterrestrial origin? Scientists

    Fonte: A 300 million year old Screw? Researchers baffled

  • 10 Imagens que não têm explicação

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    O Planeta é realmente assustador!

    Fonte: 10 Imagens que não têm explicação

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  • Three million yr old+ Sky Islands and Cloud Forests in Timor-Leste by Colin Trainor – Exposure

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    https://drcolintrainor.exposure.co/three-million-yr-old-sky-islands-and-cloud-forests-in-timorleste

    Timor-Leste is perhaps best known recently for conflict, dry savannas, and increasingly hyper-diverse coral reefs. However, one of the most different, most diverse but least known habitats is the Cloud Forests that occurs on some of the mountains. Approximately 100 km2, and definitely <200 km2 of Timor-Leste (area 15,007 km2) is Cloud Forest, so c.0.67% or 1.3% of the land-cover of the nation. Although highly distinctive and rich and endemic plants, birds and land-snails, Cloud Forests in Timor-Leste have not had a high conservation profile.Timor Island was broadly created as a result of a collision between continental Asia and continental Australia, and is thought to have been above sea (popped out of the sea) approximately 4.5 million years. The oldest part of the island are the high mountains, being pushed up at a more or less equal rate. These high mountains were once the only parts of Timor above sea.During 12-17 June 2015 Mario Soares de Carvalho, Zemally Dejesus and I visited the Mt Taroman area with the aim of documenting natural values, particularly birds. Mt Taroman is a c. 20 km2 area of montane Cloud Forest within the elevation range of 1,000-1,730 m. It is in Suai Municipal (District) across several villages including Fatululik and lies only a few km from the Indonesian international border.We observed birds and made sound-recordings, made acoustic recordings of micro-bats, actively searched for reptiles and landsnails and took photographs of Cloud forest habitats and some plant species.

    Fonte: Three million yr old+ Sky Islands and Cloud Forests in Timor-Leste by Colin Trainor – Exposure

    THE VISIT

    Timor-Leste is perhaps best known recently for conflict, dry savannas, and increasingly hyper-diverse coral reefs. However, one of the most different, most diverse but least known habitats is the Cloud Forests that occurs on some of the mountains. Approximately 100 km2, and definitely <200 km2 of Timor-Leste (area 15,007 km2) is Cloud Forest, so c.0.67% or 1.3% of the land-cover of the nation. Although highly distinctive and rich and endemic plants, birds and land-snails, Cloud Forests in Timor-Leste have not had a high conservation profile.

    Timor Island was broadly created as a result of a collision between continental Asia and continental Australia, and is thought to have been above sea (popped out of the sea) approximately 4.5 million years. The oldest part of the island are the high mountains, being pushed up at a more or less equal rate. These high mountains were once the only parts of Timor above sea.

    During 12-17 June 2015 Mario Soares de Carvalho, Zemally Dejesus and I visited the Mt Taroman area with the aim of documenting natural values, particularly birds. Mt Taroman is a c. 20 km2 area of montane Cloud Forest within the elevation range of 1,000-1,730 m. It is in Suai Municipal (District) across several villages including Fatululik and lies only a few km from the Indonesian international border.

    We observed birds and made sound-recordings, made acoustic recordings of micro-bats, actively searched for reptiles and landsnails and took photographs of Cloud forest habitats and some plant species.

    Scenic Cloud Forest view of mature tree-ferns, ground ferns and moss and epiphyte-clad trees at 1,650 m on Mt Taroman

    Scenic Cloud Forest view of mature tree-ferns, ground ferns and moss and epiphyte-clad trees at 1,650 m on Mt Taroman

    WILDLIFE SIGNIFICANCE AND THREATS

    A total of 53 bird species (40 “forest-specialized” bird species; 23 globally restricted-range species; one globally endangered species; 11 hill-montane bird species); one native land mammal; six insectivorous microbats including Canut’s Horseshoe-bat Rhinolophus canuti, one species of Eremiascincus “Montane” skink, an invasive Black-spined Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), and a likely undescribed landsnail similar in appearance to Parachloritis manuelmendesi.

    We recorded 25 bird species in Fatululik village (c.1,000 m elevation), 43 bird species around our camp (1,530 m), 16 bird species between 1,600-1,700 m, and 21 bird species above 1,700 m near the summit. The reduced richness in the number of bird (and many other species) is a well-known global pattern. Mt Taroman is relatively large area (c. 20 km2) – perhaps 20% or more of the remaining Cloud Forest in Timor-Leste – though many forest areas are fragmented and occur in small patches. It is one of the most biologically rich montane areas in Timor-Leste, similar to the better known Mt Mundo Perdido near Ossu.

    The Key Threat to biodiversity in the Taroman area is relatively intensive free-range grazing by livestock, especially cattle – 100s of animals are present on the mount. This results in soil erosion, slumping (hill slope erosion), likely reduced water quality, obvious damage to tree roots in forest, and greatly reduced or absent forest regeneration as palatable plants within reach are eaten. Mitigating this impact is not impossible, because studies in Timor-Leste have already shown the economic benefits of penned-livestock. Higher quality feed to penned livestock creates larger and healthier stock with greater sale value.

    A clear Win-Win for nature and for rural livestock graziers.

    The Arafura Fantail (Rhipidura dryas) is a common forest resident in Timor-Leste, here near the Taroman summit

    The Arafura Fantail (Rhipidura dryas) is a common forest resident in Timor-Leste, here near the Taroman summit

    The Banded Fruit Dove is a common forest pigeon in Timor-Leste, and was regularly seen on the mount

    The Banded Fruit Dove is a common forest pigeon in Timor-Leste, and was regularly seen on the mount

    Avian specialisation increases with elevation - the 23 restricted-range bird species; many abundant on the Mt Taroman

    Avian specialisation increases with elevation – the 23 restricted-range bird species; many abundant on the Mt Taroman

    The 11 hill or montane bird species recorded on Mt Taroman

    The 11 hill or montane bird species recorded on Mt Taroman

    A male Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra) is a common bird in the mountains of Timor above c.1,200 m

    A male Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra) is a common bird in the mountains of Timor above c.1,200 m

    Cattle in the mist are a major threat to forest: grazing degrades soil, water, vegetation and restricts or stops Cloud Forest regeneration

    Cattle in the mist are a major threat to forest: grazing degrades soil, water, vegetation and restricts or stops Cloud Forest regeneration

    A Black-spined Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) was photographed at the summit of Taroman in a hole

    A Black-spined Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) was photographed at the summit of Taroman in a hole

    Only one undescribed landsnail was observed on the mount, it is similar to Parachloritis manuelmendesi which has been recorded in Suai

    Only one undescribed landsnail was observed on the mount, it is similar to Parachloritis manuelmendesi which has been recorded in Suai

    About 5 undescribed Eremiascincus "Montane" type skinks were seen under logs at around 1,650 m on the mount

    About 5 undescribed Eremiascincus “Montane” type skinks were seen under logs at around 1,650 m on the mount

    CLOUD FOREST HABITAT

    We did not survey the flora of Mt Taroman but estimate that there may be 300-500 plant species. We did see Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Family Podocarpaceae – the Southern Hemisphere Conifers) – generally the largest tree in montane forest, growing up to 30 m tall in Cloud Forest; perhaps around 50 ferns including King Fern Angiopteris evecta (Family Marattiaceae), tree-ferns, filmy-ferns and numerous ground and epiphytic ferns. The moss and lichen flora is also probably quite species-rich, but have been very poorly-sampled on Timor Island in general.

    View over Cloud Forest from Taroman summit, towards the northwest

    View over Cloud Forest from Taroman summit, towards the northwest

    Red bracket fungi on log in quite open Cloud Forest at 1,650 m, the ground is covered in moss

    Red bracket fungi on log in quite open Cloud Forest at 1,650 m, the ground is covered in moss

    Cloud Forest with a sparse but moss dominated ground layer, at around 1,600 m on Mt Taroman

    Cloud Forest with a sparse but moss dominated ground layer, at around 1,600 m on Mt Taroman

    Close up view of water-loving lichens, moss and ferns along a tree trunk on Mt Taroman

    Close up view of water-loving lichens, moss and ferns along a tree trunk on Mt Taroman

    Water-loving filmy ferns on a moist tree trunk near the Mt Taroman summit

    Water-loving filmy ferns on a moist tree trunk near the Mt Taroman summit

    Cloud Forest view dominated by tree-ferns, ground ferns and moss-covered tree limbs on Mt Taroman

    Cloud Forest view dominated by tree-ferns, ground ferns and moss-covered tree limbs on Mt Taroman

    Near horizontal moss-covered branches near the summit of Mt Taroman

    Near horizontal moss-covered branches near the summit of Mt Taroman

    Near horizontal stems of Cloud Forest at the summit of Mt Taroman

    Near horizontal stems of Cloud Forest at the summit of Mt Taroman

    Canopy view of moss-encrusted tree trunks and canopy, among the mist, near the Mt Taroman summit

    Canopy view of moss-encrusted tree trunks and canopy, among the mist, near the Mt Taroman summit

    CAMP AND PEOPLE SHOTS

    We visited in mid-June towards the end of the wet season, but there was still some rain, and cloud and mist for several days. It was also quite windy, with weather rapidly closing in from clear sunshine to misty rain in a matter of moment. We camped at the edge of forest at 1,530 m, a few hundred meters from a massive limestone outcrop, and about 500 m from “Game of Thrones” rock, a stunningly eroded set of limestone knives on another outcrop.

    FURTHER READING

    Trainor, C. R., Coates, B. and K. D. Bishop (2007) Aves de Timor-Leste. Burung-burung di Timor-Leste. The Birds of Timor-Leste. BirdLife International and Dove Publications (In English, Indonesian and Portuguese languages).

    Trainor, C. R., Santana, F., Rudyanto., Almeida, A. F., Pinto, P., & G.F de Olivera. (2007) Important Bird Areas in Timor-Leste: key sites for conservation. Cambridge: BirdLife International.

    Trainor, C. R, Santana, F, Pinto, P, Xavier, A. F,. Safford, R. and Grimmett, R (2008). Birds, birding and conservation in Timor-Leste. BirdingASIA 9: 16-45.

    Colin and Zemally Dejesus enjoy some cool, misty and often windy weather among the Taroman Cloud Forest

    Colin and Zemally Dejesus enjoy some cool, misty and often windy weather among the Taroman Cloud Forest

    Mario Soares de Carvalho and Colin during a first walk to the summit....

    Mario Soares de Carvalho and Colin during a first walk to the summit….

    Yes, sometimes it was even this exciting on the mount...

    Yes, sometimes it was even this exciting on the mount…

    A misty climb up a steep ridge near the Mt Taroman summit - dominated by mosses and ferns

    A misty climb up a steep ridge near the Mt Taroman summit – dominated by mosses and ferns

    Mario Soares de Carvalho resting in misty Cloud Forest on Mt Taroman

    Mario Soares de Carvalho resting in misty Cloud Forest on Mt Taroman

    "Game of Thrones" rock, a large limestone outcrop on the northern slopes of Mt Taroman

    “Game of Thrones” rock, a large limestone outcrop on the northern slopes of Mt Taroman

    Location; broad mapping of c. 20 km2 of montane forest; and a cross-section from Fatululik to the summit; red circle denotes our camp

    Location; broad mapping of c. 20 km2 of montane forest; and a cross-section from Fatululik to the summit; red circle denotes our camp

    Another world, or the other world - the gruesome, ghastly, gnarled trunks of Cloud Forest on Mt Taroman

    Another world, or the other world – the gruesome, ghastly, gnarled trunks of Cloud Forest on Mt Taroman

    © 2020 Colin Trainor

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  • História da ocupação humana das Américas fica cada vez mais confusa ADN PAPUA E ABORIGENA NA AMAZÓNIA

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    http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2015/07/1658455-historia-da-ocupacao-humana-das-americas-fica-cada-vez-mais-confusa.shtml?cmpid=compfb

    História da ocupação humana das Américas fica cada vez mais confusa

    REINALDO JOSÉ LOPES
    COLABORAÇÃO PARA A FOLHA

    Povos indígenas da Amazônia e do cerrado carregam em seu DNA as marcas de um parentesco insuspeito com aborígines da Austrália e nativos de Papua-Nova Guiné. O resultado, que aparece de forma independente em dois estudos divulgados nesta terça (21), reforça a ideia de que o povoamento original do continente americano foi muito mais complexo do que os arqueólogos costumavam imaginar.

    A questão é como explicar exatamente essa complexidade. Enquanto uma das pesquisas diz que duas populações diferentes se misturaram logo no início da presença humana nas Américas, outra defende uma única grande onda migratória no começo, com a vinda posterior de grupos aparentados aos povos da Oceania.

    Os levantamentos estão na “Science” e na “Nature”, as duas maiores revistas científicas do mundo, e ambas têm participação de pesquisadores brasileiros. No caso da “Science”, a arqueóloga Niède Guidon, da Fundação Museu do Homem Americano (PI), é coautora da pesquisa, enquanto o estudo da “Nature” teve participação de Tábita Hünemeier, da USP, Francisco Salzano e Maria Cátira Bortolini, da UFRGS, e Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, da UFPR.

    LUZIA EM FAMÍLIA

    A pesquisa traz dados novos para uma polêmica que se arrasta desde o fim dos anos 1980. A questão é saber se a mais antiga brasileira, a célebre Luzia, que morreu há 11,5 mil anos em Pedro Leopoldo, região de Lagoa Santa (MG), de fato representa uma população primitiva com traços “negros”.

    Outros esqueletos de Lagoa Santa com mais de 8.000 anos, bem como restos humanos de outras regiões das Américas, apresentariam um crânio cujo formato lembra o de africanos, aborígines australianos e outras populações de pele e cabelos escuros da orla do Pacífico. Já o crânio da maioria dos indígenas atuais se parece mais com o de populações da atual Sibéria.

    Para Neves e seus colegas, isso indica que Luzia e seu povo teriam surgido a partir de uma população com traços vagamente africanos, os quais, na verdade, eram uma espécie de modelo básico da morfologia craniana dos primeiros seres humanos modernos, mantido pelos habitantes da Oceania, que ficaram confinados em suas ilhas por dezenas de milhares de anos.

    Essa população teria chegado primeiro às Américas, atravessando o estreito de Bering. Mais tarde, grupos da Sibéria mais semelhantes aos índios atuais teriam se miscigenado com o grupo de Luzia, dando origem aos indígenas modernos.

    O estudo da “Nature” comparou centenas de milhares de pequenas variantes genéticas dos indígenas da América do Sul e da América Central com variantes equivalentes de outras populações espalhadas pelo mundo todo. O método é complicado, mas pode-se dizer que ele procurou testar se algumas dessas populações do resto do mundo tinham mais variantes em comum com os indígenas das Américas do que as outras.

    PARENTES

    O resultado é que justamente os povos da Oceania, tanto na Austrália quanto em Papua-Nova Guiné e ilhas pertencentes às Filipinas e a Índia, apresentam sutis semelhanças genéticas com os nativos de regiões brasileiras: os suruís e karitianas (grupos de Rondônia) e os xavantes (de Mato Grosso). Algumas análises também incluem os guaranis de Mato Grosso do Sul na lista. Curiosamente, os povos da Oceania têm características vagamente africanas, como a pele negra e o formato do crânio.

    É claro que ninguém diria que os xavantes são “negros”, porém. O que os autores do estudo propõem, na verdade, é que o grupo que daria origem aos povos da Oceania passou por episódios de miscigenação com tribos de aparência que chamaríamos de “asiática”. Essa população já híbrida –batizada por eles com o termo guarani “Ypykuéra”, ou “ancestrais”– é que teria chegado aqui e, por sua vez, misturada a uma nova onda siberiana, gerou os índios modernos. A contribuição “oceânica” original não teria passado de uns 2% do total da herança genética dos indígenas amazônicos de hoje.

    Rasmus Nielsen, dinamarquês da Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley (EUA) que coordenou a pesquisa na “Science”, discorda. Ele também encontrou variantes “australianas” no DNA dos suruís, mas diz que esse aporte genético parece ter vindo bem depois da colonização original do continente, talvez por meio de outros migrantes da própria Sibéria. De quebra, seu grupo reanalisou os crânios de Lagoa Santa e afirma não ter visto sinal de traços “aborígines” no povo de Luzia.

    O interessante é que os geneticistas brasileiros do grupo da “Nature” também sempre viram com ceticismo a ideia da ancestralidade da Oceania nos primeiros habitantes das Américas. Agora, estão revisando essa posição.

    “Quando eu vi os resultados pela primeira vez, tive primeiro de desconstruir alguns argumentos que me pareciam muito sólidos, para depois repensar e construir novos”, disse Tábita Hünemeier à Folha.

    “Acho que o ponto principal é que nós geneticistas não havíamos planteado, por impossibilidade técnica, a possibilidade de os indivíduos de Lagoa Santa serem já misturados com nativos americanos, por causa da morfologia austromelanésia [da Oceania]. Agora sabemos que Luzia poderia muito bem ser uma representante da População Y”, explica ela. A esperança de testar essa ideia, afirma Tábita, é obter genomas dos esqueletos de Lagoa Santa –algo tecnicamente muito difícil, mas que talvez não seja totalmente impossível.

    *

    TENTANDO ENTENDER A OCUPAÇÃO DAS AMÉRICAS

    O que diz a teoria tradicional sobre a ocupação das Américas?

    Os primeiros humanos vieram da Ásia, via estreito de Bering, espalhando-se pelo continente. Esse grupo teria características “mongólicas”, semelhantes às da maioria dos índios atuais.

    Qual o problema com ele?

    Esqueletos encontrados no continente –entre eles, o de Luzia, de 11,5 mil anos, da região de Lagoa Santa (MG)– têm traços “negros”, africanos, diferentes dos povos asiáticos que teriam dado origem aos nativos americanos.

    De onde eles vieram?

    A principal hipótese é que elas tenham parentesco com os povos da atual Oceania.

    Mas eles não têm traços africanos? Onde entra a Oceania nisso?

    Os grupos que saíram da África e foram para a Oceania, há dezenas de milhares de anos, ficaram isolados dos grupos que ocuparam a Ásia e, assim, mantiveram algo da morfologia dos primeiros seres humanos modernos.

    Como esse pessoal foi parar na América?

    Aí é que mora a confusão. Embora existam hipóteses mais radicais –travessia oceânica–, os trabalhos na “Science” e na “Nature” dão outras explicações.

    Quais?

    Os dois grupos acreditam em migração por Bering, mas de formas diferentes.

    Os cientistas na “Science” sugerem que os grupos ligados à Oceania teriam um papel secundário na ocupação do continente. Chegaram muito depois, e em quantidade muito menor, do que os asiáticos.

    Já o artigo na “Nature” diz que ambos os grupos talvez sejam igualmente antigos no continente. Isso implicaria forte miscigenação logo no início da presença humana nas Américas, dando origem a indígenas como certas tribos da Amazônia, como os suruís.

    Para compartilhar esse conteúdo, por favor utilize o link http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2015/07/1658455-historia-da-ocupacao-humana-das-americas-fica-cada-vez-mais-confusa.shtml?cmpid=compfb

     

  • columbário ou Túmulo romano nos Açores.

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    Túmulo romano nos Açores.

    http://videos.sapo.pt/1s9uPYS6mZa8ByINnok9 http://videos.sapo.pt/1s9uPYS6mZa8ByINnok9

     

  • Dinamarca e Egito há 3400 anos….

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    Contas encontradas em túmulos dinamarqueses iguais às de Tutankhamon

    https://www.dn.pt/globo/interior/contas-encontradas-em-tumulos-dinamarqueses-iguais-as-de-tutankhamon-4291160.html

    por A. M.OntemComentar
    A máscara mortuária de Tutankhamon
    A máscara mortuária de Tutankhamon

    Descoberta em túmulos da Idade do Bronze comprovam a existência de trocas comerciais entre a Dinamarca e o Antigo Egito há cerca de 3400 anos.

    A investigação, levada a cabo por cientistas do Museu Nacional da Dinamarca e o Institut de Recherche sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT) de França, mostra a existência de trocas comerciais entre a Dinamarca e o Antigo Egito há cerca de 3400 anos. Mas também um novo conhecimento sobre o culto do sul nos países nórdicos durante a Idade do Bronze.
    Um dos túmulos dinamarqueses que originaram esta descoberta
    Um dos túmulos dinamarqueses que originaram esta descoberta

    As contas de vidro que originaram estas conclusões foram recolhidas por arqueólogos no final do século XIX e agora analisadas por uma técnica chamada espectrometria de massa com plasma.

    Os resultados mostram que a composição química das contas de vidro encontradas nos túmulos da Dinamarca são iguais às fabricadas no Antigo Egito. Os cientistas afirmam ainda que o vidro é originário do mesmo local das peças de vidro azuis embutidas na máscara mortuária de Tutankhamon e outros faraós egípcios.